A Andes occurs as immense mountain system forming a continuous chain of highland along a american coast of South America. These are astir 7000 klick (4400 mi) hanker, D kilometer (300 mi) wide within occasionally area (widest between 18° to 20° S latitude), & of an typical height of about 4000 m (13,000 foot).

A connection of this technique therewith of the Rocky Mountains, which has been pointed out by numerous writers, has received lot trend lines from either either a discovery of a extensive eruptions of granite when you took Third days, extending from the southern extremity of South America to Alaska.

A Andean range is composed of two groovy chief chains by using the deep medium depression, in which, & at a sides of a wonderful chains, arise more chains of minor importance, a chief of which is that known as the Cordillera de la Costa of Chile. This starts from either a southern extremity of the continent & runs inside a northwards counsel, parallel by having the coast, existence broken higher at its beginning into a total of islands and after forming the american boundary of the low central valley of Chile. Northerly this coastal chainside continues in microscopic ridges or even isolated hills along a Pacific Ocean as far as Venezuela, always allowing a equivalent vale approximately seeable to the west of the american neat chain.

Tierra del Fuego

Of a deuce primary chains a eastern is usually known as Los Andes, & the american La Cordillera, inside Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, where a eastern is also referred to as Cordillera Real first state los Andes, when inside the south of parallel 23°S in Chile & Argentina, the american is known as Cordillera delaware los Andes. A eastern disappears in a centre of Argentina, & these are so merely a Cordillera diamond state los Andes that is prolonged when far when the south-eastern extremity of the continent.

A Cordillera de la Costa begins near Cape Horn, which is composed principally of crystalline rocks, & its heights come inconsiderable once equated with victims of the avowedly Cordillera of the Andes. A latter, when regards its main chain, is on the northern coast of the Beagle Channel in Tierra del Fuego, bounded on the north per deep depression of Lake Fagnano and of Admiralty Sound. Staten Island appears to be a termination to the east. A Cordillera of the Andes within Tierra del Fuego is formed of crystalline schists, and culminates in the snow-capped peaks of Mount Darwin and Mount Sarmiento 2200 m(720Foot), which contains glaciers of greater extent than those of Mont Blanc. A extent of the glaciers is considerable therein area, which, geographically, is further complex than was erstwhile supposed. Although in the explored part of the Fuegian chain a volcanoes which have been mentioned from either period to period develop non been met sustaining, a islands south hang on to numerous neo-volcanic rocks, a few of which pop up to exist as contemporaneous sustaining a basaltic sheet that covers the a portion of eastern Patagonia. A insular area between Mount Sarmiento & a Cordillera first state los Andes, properly therefore known as, we.e. that which extends from either Magellan Strait northwards, is non fully explored, & 100% that is known of these are that it is chiefly composed of a equivalent rocks when the Fuegian part, & that a greater a share of its upper vale is occupied by glaciers that email down to the sea amid heavy outdoors.

Chile-Argentina, 52°-38°S

When Admiralty Healthy & Flow of any stream Fagnano attached a Cordillera to a n around Tierra del Fuego, and then at a eastern side of the Cordillera in the southmost section of the continent there is a longitudinal depression which separates the Andes from either some independent ridges on to the secondary parallel broken chain known as a pre-Cordillera. This depression is occupied around smashing the share by a series of streams, lakes, and wells throughout, a bit of one filling thwartwise breaches in the range, when others come remains of glacial reservoirs, bordered by morainic dams, extending when far when a eastern plateau & corresponding inside these suits sustaining transverse depressions which email a Atlantic Ocean. Between a big streams, lakes, and wells throughout, fed per Andine glaciers of the eastern slope of the Southern Andes, come Streams, lakes, and wells throughout Maravilla, 26Kilometer² (C mi²), & Sarmiento, 67 km² (Twenty-six mi²), 51°S, which overflow into Last Hope Inlet; Argentino,1,476 km² (570 mi²), 50°S, & Viedma, 1,165 km² (450 mi²), 49°30'S, which empty into a flow of any stream Santa Cruz; the fjordian Lake San Martin/O'Higgins, 49°S, and Lakes Nansen, 47 km² (18 mi²), Azara,21 km² (8 mi²), and Belgrano, 47 km² (18 mi²), which are dependents of Lake San Martín/O'Higgins 984 km²(380 mi²), and Lakes Pueyrredon/Cochrane 254 km² (98 mi²) & Buenos Aires/General Carrera 1,813 km² (700 mi²), which at present overflow into a Pacific, across one of a remarkable recess that come witnessed throughout a Cordillera, a Calen Inlet,which is the big american fiord of Patagonia. Northwards of Flow of any stream Buenos Aires there exists Flow of any stream Elizalde, which, while situated on the eastern slope, sends its waters to the Pacific Ocean, & Streams, lakes, and wells throughout Fontana 78 km² (Xxx mi²) & La Plata 88 km² (34 mi²), 45°S, which feed a flow of any stream Senguerr, which flows to the Atlantic. Flow of any stream General Paz 171 km² (66 mi²) on the eastern slope of the Andes, at 44°S, is the chief source of a Palena River, which cuts all the Cordillera, while Lakes Futalaufquen 52 km² (Xx mi²) Menendez 73 km² (Xxviii mi²), Rivadavia 26 km²(Decade mi²), & more little streams, lakes, and wells throughout, likewise placed between 43°30', & 42°30'S on the eastern slope send their waters to the Pacific per flow of any stream Futaleufu which cuts through the Andes by the narrow gorge. A waters of Lake Puelo 47 km² (Eighteen mi²) also flow into a equivalent ocean through a flow of any stream of that title, which also cuts a Cordillera, & of which a chief affluent (a Manso Flow of any stream) likewise drains the waters of a technique of little streams, lakes, and wells throughout, the largest of which, Lake Mascardi, measures 44 km² (Seventeen mi²), which within relatively recent days formed a portion of the basin of Flow of any stream Nahuel Huapi 536 km² (207 mi²), 41°S. An extensive metropolitan area of glacial deposits shows that a sheet of ice erst covered a whole eastern slope to a great few feet away from either the mountains. To a west a second sheet reached at a equivalent period the Pacific Ocean.

From either a Strait of Magellan up to 52°S, the western slope of the Cordillera doesn't, properly speaking, survive. Abrupt bulwarks overlook a Pacific, & peachy longitudinal and cross trend lines & fiord do perfect through the heart of the range, cutting it usually around the counsel about oblique to its axis, a symptom of movements of Globe's crust.

A mountains forming a Cordillera between Magellan Strait & 41°S come higher than people antecedently mentioned within Tierra del Fuego. Usually composed of granite, gneiss & Palaeozoic rocks, covered in several area by rugged masses of volcanic origin, their general height is non less than 2000 m (6500 foot), patch Mount Geikie is 2300 m (750Foot) & Mount Stokes 2200 m (7100 foot). To the n come Mounts Mayo 2300 m(760Foot), Agassiz 3200 m (10,60Foot), & Fitzroy (also known as Chalten), around 49°S (11,120 foot). The part from either 52°to 48°S occurs as continuous ice-capped chain, & a bit of of the glaciers extend from either the eastern streams, lakes, and wells throughout to the american trend lines, in which it email the sea-level. A level of the streams, lakes, and wells throughout begins at Forty m (130 foot) at Lake Maravilla and gradually ascends to about 200 m (700 foot) at Lake San Martin/O'Higgins. Passing a breach across which Flow of any stream San Martin empties itself into Calen Inlet, in 48°S, is noticed the wide oblique opening in a range, across which flows the flow of any stream Las Heras, fed by Flow of any stream Pueyrredon/Cochrane, which is just 125 m (410 foot) above the sea-level to the east of the Andes, piece Lake Buenos Aires/General Carrera, immediately northerly, is 220 m (710 foot). A Andes prove my point to be to the west an tremendous rugged mass of ice & snow of an average height of 2700 m (9000 foot), sending glaciers to all the eastern fiord.

Mount San Lorenzo, detached from a independent chain in the Pre-Cordillera, is 3600 m (11,800 foot) high. Mount San Valentin 3900 m (12,700 foot) is the culminating point of the Andes in the vicinity extending from either 49° to 46°S, a trifle northward of which is the flow of any stream Huemules which is followed per breach of the flow of any stream Aisen. These 2 lakes develop emptied the large models of streams, lakes, and wells throughout, which within pre-Glacial days occupied the eastern zone, so forming the region suitable for colonization in a wide vale & hollows, in which the streams, lakes, and wells throughout, when in a instance by using victims northwards, cut across the Andes by narrow gaps, forming cataracts & rapids between a snowy peaks. Volcanic actiwithin is however running on in these latitudes, when a glaciers come at days covered by ashes, however the predominant rocks to a east come the Third granite, when to the west gneiss, older granite & Palaeozoic rocks prevail. A greatest peaks, all the same, seem to become of volcanic origin. Farther n, as much as 41°S, a water supply gaps are set at a lesser few feet away of these from either the more, owing mainly to additional continuous erosion, this part of the continent existence a area of the maximal rain on the western coast in the south of the equator. Between a gaps of the flow of any stream Aisen and river Cisnes or Frias, which also pierces the chain, is witnessed the vast mountain mass, where is situated Mount la Torre 2200 m (715Foot). These form a continental watershed, however therein area erosion is ingesting place so apace that a day is shortly distant whenever Streams, lakes, and wells throughout La Plata and Fontanthe, placed to the east at a height of 900 m (3000 foot) & now feeder of the Atlantic, will turn into feeder of the Pacific. Already filtrations from either a previous attend feed american affluents through the granitic people. To the north of Mount la Torre flows in the flow of any stream Cisnes, 44°48'S, through an additional water system gap, continuing a range to the north by having high peaks, when Mount Alto Nevado 2240 m (735Foot) & Mount Cacique 2100 m (7000 foot). A glaciers email near a american trend lines, when is a out break at a flow of any stream Quelal. A northern glaciers, descending about to sea-level, come placed at 43°40'S. Northwards, the easily-chiseled american longitudinal vale, at a few recent instance occupied by streams, lakes, & wells throughout and lakes, divides a Cordillera into deuce chains, a eastern being a independent chain, to which belong Mounts Alto Nevado, Cacique, Dentista, Maldonado, Serrano, each all over 2100 m (7000 foot) high; and Torrecillas 2250 m (740Foot), Ventisquero2300 m (750Foot), & Tronador 3400 m (11,180 foot); piece a american chain, broken into imposing stops, contains many high volcanic peaks like Mounts Tanteles, Corcovado, Minchimahuida, Hornopiren and Yates. The streams, lakes, and wells throughout Palena, with its deuce branches, Pico and Carrenleufu, Futaleufu, Puelo and Manso cut a two chains, spell the rivers Renihue, Bodadahue and Cochamo have their sources in the main eastern ridge. Mention has been manufactured of active volcanoes in 51°, 49°, & 47°S, however these use at times non been properly situated. A active volcanoes in the south of 41°, concerning which there is no doubt is, come a Huequen, in 43°, & the Calbuco, both of which stand been inside eruption inside modern days.

A surroundings of Mount Tronador, consisting of Tertiary granite & basalt, form one of a virtually all interesting regions in the Patagonian Andes for the mountain climber of the new. To a east extends a big & picturesque flow of any stream of Nahuel Huapi, to the west is Flow of any stream Todos Los Santos 130 klick² (L mi²), to which a access is very simple & of which a scenery is of surpassing beauty. Between 41°and 38°S, among more smaller streams, Streams, lakes, and wells throughout, and wells throughout, come Lakes Traful 117 kilometer² (45 mi²), Lacar 83 kilometer² (32 mi²), which, properly belonging to the body of Atlantic streams, lakes, and wells throughout, empties itself per simply water system gap that occurs therein zone of the Cordillera into the flow of any stream Valdivia, a feeder of a Pacific, Flow of any stream Lolog Xl klick²(Fifteen mi²), Huechulafquen 117 kilometer² (45 mi²), & Flow of any stream Alumine 54 kilometer² (Twenty-one mi²). A volcanoes of Lanin 3700 m (12,140 foot), Quetrupillan 2800 m (9180 foot), Villarrica 3200 m(10,400 foot), Llaima & Tolhuaca come 100% around active; a first is in a independent chain, when the others come on the western slope. A scenery in the front yard is brilliant, the snowy cones rising from either amidst forest of araucaria, & being encircled by blue streams, lakes, and wells throughout. Piece a scenery of the western slope of the Andes is extremely grand, by having its deep fiord, glaciers & forest, eventually a hardship of its climate detracts substantially from either its charm. A climate of the eastern slope, but, is milder, a landscapes come brilliant, with wooded vale & beautiful streams, lakes, and wells throughout. A vale come already part settled by settler. Between 52°and 40°S erosion has carried a watershed of the continent from either the summit of the Cordillera to the eastern plains of Patagonia.

From either 40°S. southwards a Chile-Argentine Boundary Commission under Sir T. H. Holdich carried out crucial investigations in 1902; & between 38°and 33°S a Andes were somewhat extensively explored just about a close of the 19th century by Argentine & Chilean Commissions. A greatest peaks in the latter part come volcanic & their eruptions own sensibly limited a character of the primitive ridges. Outflows of lava & tufa handle a mountain sides & fill higher the vale. A Jurassic & Cretaceous formations, which in a Southern Cordillera come placed outside of the range to a east, form to the considerable extent the mass of the awesome range, together sustaining quartz porphyritic rock, a Tertiary period, granite & more eruptive rocks, which use been observed along all the chainside in South America as much as Alaska in the n. Gneiss is rarely met by using, however there are crystalline rocks, belonging mainly to the pre-Cordillera of the eastern & to the Cordillera de la Costa on the american side.

Chile-Argentina from 38°S northward

All about 38°S a Andes take a neat thwartwise extension; no wide medium vale between a different ridges however a main ridge is perfectly defined. Volcanic cones prove my point to predominate, a old crystalline rocks about disappear, when a Mesozoic rocks come most park. A higher peaks come in the independent chain, while the Domuyo 4700 m (15,317 foot) belongs to a lateral pass eastern ridge. A principal peaks between this & Mount Tupungato at 33°S come: Mount Cochico 2100 m (8255 foot), Campanario, 4000 m (13,140 foot), Peteroa 4050 m (13,297 foot), Tinguiririca, Castillo 5000 m (16,535 foot), Volcano Maipu 5350 m (17,576 foot), Alvarado 4450 m (14,600 foot), Amarillo 4670 m (15,321 foot), Volcano San Jose 6050 m(19,849 foot), Piuquenes 5430 m (17,815 foot), & Volcano Bravard 5980 m (19,619 foot).

Northerly of Maipu volcano, ascended by R. P. Gussfeldt in 1883, a Cordillera is composed of deuce brobdingnagian chief ridges which unite & terminate in the front yard of Mount Tupungato. A vale between the children is 2700 m (9000 foot) high; & in that section of a Cordillera come placed the greatest passes south of 33°S, one of which, a Piuquenes Pass, reaches 4060 m (13,333 foot), when a easiest of transit & almost a lowest is that of Pichachen 1980 m (6505 foot), which is the most frequented in the period of wintertime. Mount Tupungato reaches 6800 m (22,329 foot), based on data from Argentine measure. Northerly of this mountain, placed at a watershed of the Andes, extends the lofty region comprising peaks like Chimbote 5680 m (18,645 foot) & Mount Polleras 6180 m (20,266 foot). A Pircas Pass is placed at the height of 5170 m (16,962 foot). A gaps of Bermejo and Iglesia, in a Uspallata road, the better known of all the lives between Argentina & Chile, come at 3970 m (13,025 foot) and 4100 m (13,412 foot) altitude severally, patch a nigh peaks, people of Juncal & Tolorsa, come 5900 m & 6100 m(19,358 & 20,140 foot) high.

Mounts Tupungato, Aconcagua 6959 m (23,393 ft) & Mercedario 6770 m (22,211 ft) come a greatest peaks of the central Argentine-Chilean Andes. These tercet peaks come formed of eruptive rocks, surrounded by Jurassic beds which keep close at hand undergone the thorough metamorphosis. Patch in the west of a Andes, from either the latitude of Aconcagua, the central vale of Chile diarrhea forgoing any notable interruption south prevent of the continent, a vale which just about disappears in the north, allowing exclusively a bit of uncommon inflection which are then considered by Chilean geographers & geologists to exist as a continuation of the equivalent vale; to the east around Argentina a longitudinal vale, perfectly characterized, line the eastern foot of the Cordillera, separating this from either the pre- Cordillera, which is parallel to the Cordillera de la Costa of Chile. Between Aconcagua & Mercedario come a lives of Espinacito 4500 m(14,803 foot) & Los Patos or even Valle Hermoso 3580 m (11,736 foot), chosen per Argentine General San Martin, whilst he manufactured his memorable passage through a chain in a period of the War of Independence. Northwards of Valle Hermoso a Andean ridges, piece super high, come non abrupt, & a lives are further many than south; a few of the babies descending 3000 m (10,000 foot), however virtually all of the babies between 4000 m & 4300 m (13,000 & 14,000 foot). A pass of Quebrada Grande is 3800 m (12,468 foot) within altitude; Cencerro, 3950 m (12,944 foot); Mercedario, 4030 m (13,206 foot); Ojota, 4360 m (14,304 foot); Pachon, 4400 m (14,485 foot); when Gordito is 3150 m (10,318 foot). Farther northward a lives come higher. Barahona Pass is 4600 m (15,092 foot); Ternera,4850 m (15,912 foot); San Lorenzo, 5000 m (16,420 feet), piece a peak of the volcano reaches 5530 m (18,143 foot); Mount Olivares, 6240 m (20,472 foot); Porongos, 5940 m (19,488 foot; Tortolas, 6130 m (20,121 foot); & Potro, 5900 m (19,357 foot).

Bolivia

When far when 28°S a Cordillera first state los Andes has been in the main formed by deuce easily-chiseled ridges, however northwards, recent volcanic action has greatly modified its orology. Simply one line of lives characterizes a independent ridge, & amongst a children come the lives of Ollita 4,580 m (15,026 foot), Penas Negras 4,400 m (14,435 foot), Pircas Negras 4,150 m (13,615 foot), La Gallina 4,950 m (16,240 foot), Tres Quebradas 4,735 m (15,535 foot), & Aguita 4720 m(15,485 foot). Northwards of Mount Potro a peaks in the Cordillera come not very large when far when the nifty mass of Tres Quebradas, however on this button are to exist as met by using some that can he considered when amongst a greatest of the all range. Mount Aguita is 6,000 m (20,60Foot), & a culminating peak of people of Tres Cruces reaches 6,900 m (22,658 foot). To a east of a eastern longitudinal vale, at 27°S, begins the high volcanic tablel& between the Cordillera and the southern prolongation of the Bolivian Cordillera Real, which contains lofty summits, like Mount Veladero 6,400 m (20,998 ft), Mount Bonete 6,700 m (21,980), Mount Reclus 6,300 m (20,670), Mount Pissis 6,750 m (22,146), Mount Ojo del Salado 6,600 m (21,653), and Incahuasi 6,620 m (21,719).

To a northerly of Tres Cruces occurs as transverse depression in the Cordillera, which is considered to exist as the southern termination of the high tableland of the Puna first state Atacama. A Cordillera of a Andes borders a Puna to the west, when the Bolivian Cordillera Real bounds it to the east. In this area a Cordillera of the Andes is of relatively recent origin, existence mainly constituted by a line of high volcanoes, the principal summits existence: Juncal, Panteon diamond state Aliste, Azufre or even Listarria 5,680 m (18,636 foot) Llullaillaco 6,620 m (21,720) Miniques 5,950 m (19,357) Socompa 6,080 m (19,948) Licancabur 5,920 m (19,685) Viscachuelas 6,280 m (20,605) Tapaquilcha 5,950 m (19,520) Oyahua 5,860 m (19,242) Ancaquilcha 6,200 m (20,275) Olca 5,840 m (19,150) Mino 6,130 m (20,112) Sillilica 6,430 m (21,100) Parinacota 6,380 m (20,918) Sajama 6,542 m (21,463) Tacona 6,020 m (19,740)

To the east closes inside the intercessor high tableland which begins at 28°S in Argentina. A principal peaks of the Bolivian Andes & its prolongation from either south to n, come Famatina, in the centre of Argentina, 6,200 m (20,34Foot), Languna Blanca 5,600 m (18,307), Diamante 5,500 m (18,045), (Cachi 6,000 m( 20,000), Granadas, Lipez 6,000 m (19,680), Guadalupe 5,760 m(18,910), Chorolque 5630 m (18,480), Cuzco 5,465 m (17,930), Enriaca 5,700 m (18,716), Junari 4,940 m (16,200), Michiga 5300 m (17,410), Quimza-Cruz 5570 m (18,280), Illimani 6,462 m (21,190) and Sorata 6550 m (21,490).

When a american range of a Cordillera is primarily formed by volcanic rocks, the eastern (to the east of the range is Cerro Potosí, (4700 m (15,40Foot) Andes of Bolivia come principally composed of old crystalline rocks. Between a zero in the high tableland northward to 27° come many isolated volcanoes which use been withwithin activity in recent days, like Peinado 5,760 m (18,898 foot), San Pedro 5,700 m (18,701), Antuco 5,800 m(19,029), Antofalla 6,100 m (20,014), Rincon 5450 m (17,881), Pastos Grandes 5,350 m(17,553), Zapalegui 5,350 m (17,553), Suniguira 5,870 m(19,258), Tahue 5,320 m(17,458); volcanoes which use at times been elevated from either a lncustrine basin, which super recently occupied a whole extension, & a remains of which are then, to the south, the Laguna Verde, at 28°, & northwards Lake Titicaca. A discovery of neat Pampean mammalian in the Pleistocene beds of that region shows that this upheaval of the latter is super recent, for inside a heart of a Cordillera, too when on the west coast of Bolivia & Peru, there own been found, in very recent deposits, the remains of occasionally mammalian which can't own crossed the high range when it today lives.

Peru
Them Cordilleras that formed a Andes northward of 28°S come continued within Peru. A Cordillera Blanca rises abruptly from either a Pacific coast escorted per American range called Cordillera Negra and the Eastern of these known as Cordillera Oriental. the american, which reaches an altitude of astir 3000 m (10,000 foot), so ends to survive as a continuous chain, there remaining sole a short, high ridge, known as by Edward Whymper the "Pacific range of the equator", & between this ridge and a crystalline Andean axis, a "avenue of volcanoes", to utilise his words, arises amidst majestic scenery.

Peaks reaching all over 5000 metres in the Peruvian Andes include:

Huascarán 6768 m Siula Grande 6344 m Alpamayo 5947 m Misti 5800 m (19,029) Nevado Mismi 5,597 m (18,363)

Ecuador
Ecuador has one of a world´s greatest concentrations of volcanoes. There come other than xxx, of which at least eight are considered to become active. A central range, periodically known as a Cordillera Real (Royal Range), is older and higher than a American Range. Many little peaks, non of volcanic origin, come obtained to a east of this range towards the Amazon basin (eastern range). Farther to a east there are more isolated mountains of volcanic origin totally isolated from either a Central Range by jungle, existence the first Reventador (3485 m) and Sumaco (3900 m).

Mount Chimborazo, which is not in a independent chain, reaches 6310 m (20,703 foot); since Globe extrusion at the equator, its summit is farther from either Globe's centre than that of Mount Everest.

Cotopaxi 5897 m (19,348), Antisana 5704 m (18,715), Cayambe (volcano) 5790 m (18,997) are in the central range, by having numbers of more peaks complete 5000 m (16,000 foot) which however contain glaciers. Sangay 5230 m (17,160 foot), under a equator, based on data from Wolf, appears to exist as a virtually all active volcano in the globe. Pichincha 4800 m (15,804 foot) & Cotocachi 4970 m (16,297 foot) come a loftiest volcanoes of the american range. Around Colombia a trio mawithin chains come continuations of people in Ecuador, & indicate super cold-shoulder traces of volcanic action.

A peaks reaching terminated 5000 meters in the Ecuadorian Andes, sequentially of altitude come:

Mount Chimborazo 6310 m Cotopaxi 5897 m Cayambe 5790 m Antisana 5704 m El Altar 5320 m South Iliniza 5263 m Sangay 5230 m North Iliniza 5126 m Carihuairazo 5020 m Tungurahua 5016 m

Mountaineering history
Within 1880 a British explorer Edward Whymper spent six months in a area of "the Great Andes of The Equator" inside Ecuador summiting (sustaining a Italian brothers Jean-Antoine & Louis Carrel) nine of the greatest peaks when follows: Chimborazo in Four January & Three July, Corazin in Two February, Cotopaxi in 18-19 February, Antisana in 10 March, Pichincha in 23 March, Cayambe in Four April, Sara-urcu in 17 April, Cotocachi in 2 dozen April, & Carihuairazo on 29 June.

Numerous one & others got antecedently been summited by Alexander von Humboldt and H. Bonssingault - virtually all noteably Chimborazo (a greatest mountawithin in South United states of america - & a mountain peak farthermost from either a center of the globe due to the equatorial bulge) on 9 June 1802 & 16 December 1831 severally.

Colombia
In a american chain, which is remarkable for its regularity, a greatest peak is 11,150 foot, & the last-place pass 2050 m (6725 foot). A central chain, separated from either a american chain per vale of the Cauca and from a eastern per vale of the Magdalena, is unbroken; it is a sir thomas more crucial owing to its greater altitudes & is of volcanic character. In a south, touching the equator, come Mounts Arapul 4070 m (13,360 foot) & Chumbul 4790 m (15,720 foot). A volcanoes Campainero 3800 m (12,470 foot) & Pasto 4270 m (14,000 foot) come as well therein zone. Farther n is the volcano Purace, which presents the height of 5000 m (16,000 foot); so are Huila 5500 m (18,000), Santa Catalina 4930 m (16,170), & Tolima 5600 m (18,400), Santa Isabel 5100 m (16,760), Ruiz 5300 m (17,390) and Hervas 5590 m (18,340). A eastern chain begins northward of the equator at 1800 m (6000 foot), step by step rises to the height of Nevado 4300 m(14,146 foot), Pan diamond state Azucar 3700 m (12,140 foot), & in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy attains to peaks of 5100 m 16,700 foot.

Snow line
A snow-line of the Andes is greatest inside area of Peru in which it lies at astir 5000 m (16,500 foot). Its general range from either a extreme n to Patagonia is 4300 m to 4700 m (14,000 to 15,500 foot), however along a Patagonian frontier it sinks chop-chop, until inside Tierra del Fuego it lies at astir 1500 m (4900 foot).

Structure
Warning: this segment should exist as treated by having caution, these are according to pre-plate tectonics, please remove this message if you upgrade this article to modern geologic terminology

A structure of the Andes is least complex in the southern part of the range. Between 33° & 36°S the chain consists broadly of a series of elementary folds of Jurassic & Cretaceous beds. These are probably separated on a east from either the recent deposits of the pampas by a great fault, which, nevertheless, is universally concealed by an tremendous mass of talus poop. a Cretaceous beds lie within a broad synclinal upon a eastern flank, however a greater section of the chain is formed of Jurassic beds, across which, on the american margin, rise the many andesitic volcanic centres. No continuous band of ancient gneiss, nor indeed of any beds older than a Jurassic. There exists super little all over-folding or even faulting, & a structure is that of the Jura mountains like than of the Alps. the inner or even eastern ridge farther n of Argentina consists of crystalline rocks sustaining infolded Ordovician & Cambrian beds, typically overlaid unconformably by a sandstone sustaining plant-remains (principally Rhaetic). Inside Bolivia this eastern ridge, separated from either a american Cordillera per longitudinal vale where Flow of any stream Titicaca lies, is formed in the main of Archaean & Palaeozoic rocks. 100% a geologic systems, from either a Cambrian to a Carboniferous period, come represented & it is all strongly folded, the folds leaning all over towards the west. West of a neat vale the range is composed of Mesozoic beds, together by using Third volcanic rocks. (A Cordillera of Argentina & Chile is clearly a continuation of the american chain alone.) Around Ecuador there exists however an inner chain of ancient gneisses & schists & an outer chain composed of Mesozoic beds. A longitudinal vale which separates the two is occupied chiefly by volcanic deposits. N of Ecuador the structure becomes other complex. Of a tercet independent chains into which a mountains come at present divided, a american branch is formed mostly of Cretaceous beds; however the inner chains there are no hanker consist alone of the older rocks, & Cretaceous beds take a considerable part in their formation.

A low volcanoes, active & out, are not confined to any 1 zone. For instance it rise from either either a Mesozoic zone of a american Cordillera, another time from the ancient rocks of the eastern zone. However it totally lie inside a range itself & don't, when in a Carpathians & the Apennines, form a fringe upon the inner border of the chain.

A curvature of a range around a Brazilian massif, & a position of a zone of older rocks upon the eastern flank, led Suess to the guide that the Andes owe their origin to an overthrust from either east to west, & that the Vorland lies below a Pacific. South Wehrli & Burckhardt maintain that a click come from either a west, & it look upon a ancient rocks of Argentina when a Vorland. Therein a portion of the chain, still, there exists however, little grounds to believe of overthrusting of any form.

Sources
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